This document included a wide range of measures to protect present and future generations from the health, social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke. Geneva: World Health Organization 2003.: the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC).
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
On June 16, 2003, the first international treaty negotiated under the auspices of the WHO was approved unanimously 5 5. After assessing countless studies, the WHO proposed that Member States adopt measures aimed to reduce such consumption 4 4. In the late 20th century, the WHO took an official stance on tobacco consumption. This has created a system of dependency between small farmers and transnational companies, encompassing all the way from classification criteria for tobacco leaf quality to setting sale prices for the crop 4 4.
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Through the so-called “integrated tobacco production system”, transnational companies began offering tobacco growers a guaranteed market for their crop, plus technical assistance and high-yield inputs such as seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers. Brazil’s tobacco leaf production is currently concentrated in the southern states of the country, as follows: Rio Grande do Sul (50%), Santa Catarina (28.8%), and Paraná (17.5%). In 1920, the company’s name was changed to Companhia Brasileira de Fumo em Folha, and in 1955 it was taken over by Souza Cruz. It was the first step in turning the city into the national hub of the tobacco industry. In 1917, the Brazilian Tobacco Corporation was founded in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, having originated from the British American Tobacco company. Tobacco became an export product with the development of arable land in the South, using European labor. Initially, tobacco production in Brazil occupied small areas, mostly concentrated in the Recôncavo region of Bahia, Northeast Brazil. Saúde Debate 2013 37:347-53.īrazil is the world’s second leading producer and leading exporter of tobacco leaves. Fumicultores da zona rural de Pelotas (RS), no Brasil: exposição ocupacional e a utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI). Silva JB, Xavier DS, Barboza MCN, Amestoy SC, Trindade LL, Silva JRS. Tobacco farming involves thousands of farm workers on family smallholdings, subject to technological packages supplied by powerful transnational companies, enmeshed in a globalized market, harming the farmers’ health and often using child labor 3 3.
WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013. A recent study by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows the social, economic, political, and environmental losses caused by smoking in every society 2 2. Uso e exposição à fumaça do tabaco no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Malta DC, Oliveira TP, Vieira ML, Almeida L, Szwarcwald CL. Tobacco consumption is considered an important cause of different types of cancer and is identified as the leading cause of avoidable deaths in the world 1 1. The article shows that although preceded by intense debates, the final decision in favor of ratification was made by a limited group of government stakeholders, characterizing a decision-making process similar to a funnel. We analyze the interests and arguments for and against ratification. In methodological terms, this is a qualitative study based on document research, drawing primarily on the shorthand notes from the public hearings. The current study analyzes this decision-making process according to the different interests, positions, and stakeholders. The Convention was to be ratified by the Member States of the WHO in Brazil’s case, ratification involved the National Congress, which held public hearings in the country’s leading tobacco growing communities (municipalities). In 2003, the World Health Assembly adopted the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC), which aims to protect citizens from the health, social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke. Tobacco consumption is a leading cause of various types of cancer and other tobacco-related diseases.
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